How Does Alcohol Consumption Affect Your Weight and Shape?
By wlr Contributor Dr Muhamad Usman MD
ShareSince the energy content of one gram of alcohol is 7.1 Kcal, it can be safely assumed that alcohol consumption could very well lead to weight gain. But, there is a lot more to it.
Weight gain due to alcohol is mostly seen in heavy drinkers. In mild to moderate drinkers, in certain cases, it could even be rather protective. Also, different alcohol types seem to have different effects on body weight.
This article is all about alcohol and its effects on body weight. Please see current UK health guidelines for alcohol, for recommendations on alcohol limits.
A Quick Overview
- Heavy drinking, irrespective of the type of drink, leads to weight gain.
- Male drinkers are more prone to gain weight compared to females.
- Alcohol related weight gain targets all age groups.
- Alcohol causes weight gain by giving you surplus calories, promoting appetite, increasing impulsivity and redistributing fat.
- Except red wine, almost all alcoholic beverages lead to weight gain. Red wine seems to have a somewhat protective role against weight gain.
Starting with the Basics - Calories!
In the UK, where obesity rates are among the highest of developed countries, increasing alcohol consumption is a general trend.
Here, an average wine drinker gets 2,000 additional calories from alcohol every month. This adds up to 44,200 additional calories per year, which is equivalent to eating 221 doughnuts(1).
But the question here is: are the calories from alcohol the same as from other food sources?
Simply put, alcohol is an energy dense food, which is otherwise quite poor in its nutrient content. That is why the calories from alcohol are sometimes labelled as “empty calories”.
In theory, there are several reasons why drinking alcohol should lead to weight gain:
- It is calorie dense – 1 gram of alcohol has around twice as many calories as a gram of carbohydrate or protein.
- Your liver has got a special affinity for ethanol - an alcohol derivative. It turns almost all of it into energy.
- Your body stops using its fats and carbohydrates as energy sources when a lot of energy comes so easily from alcohol.
- When your body gets too much energy from alcohol, it starts to shunt the extra energy into the synthesis of storage products like fats (2-4).
So the initial impression here is that drinking alcohol will lead to weight gain, at least in theory. Let’s find out what actual research says about alcohol and weight gain.
What Research Says about Alcohol and Weight Gain
There are many studies supporting the fact that alcohol leads to weight gain (5-9). But one piece of research is worth mentioning in particular.
Researchers at the University of Navarra, Spain carried out a major data sweep and tried to establish a relationship between alcohol consumption and body weight.
They investigated almost all the major studies conducted on alcohol and weight between 1984 and 2010. They were able to isolate 31 studies based on their relevance and other criteria. Here is what the results looked like (10):
Number of Studies | Association of alcohol consumption with weight gain | Explanation |
---|---|---|
16 | Strong Positive | 16 out of 31 studies found a strong positive relation between alcohol consumption and weight gain |
1 | Little | Only 1 study found a little relationship between these variables |
4 | Strong Inverse | 4 studies found a strong inverse relationship between alcohol and weight gain |
5 | No relation | 5 out of 31 studies found no relationship between these two variables |
5 | Selective positive | The remaining 5 studies showed a selective positive relation. It means in those studies only men were found prone to weight gain compared to women |
It can be safely inferred from the data above that- in general- alcohol consumption leads to weight gain.
How Alcohol Leads to Weight Gain
There seem to be a number of factors involved here. Here are a few things to consider:
1. Alcohol consumption leads to a positive energy balance
Let’s jump back to basics again. Your body weight is the product of calories you consume and calories you burn. So it all eventually comes down to “calories in and calories out”.
But not all calories are equal. Take fibre for example. Fibre is indeed healthier than alcohol and there is a difference how your body treats calories coming from fibre. Your body has limited capacity to digest fibre. Therefore, your body absorbs very small amount of calories from it and flushes out the rest (11).
The calories from alcohol, on the other hand, are much different. Alcohol does not have a complicated structure. It is easily absorbed from your gut and readily broken down into energy by your liver. So most of the alcohol you consume is swiftly turned into energy. This creates a positive energy balance (12).
The story does not end here.
Alcohol is an addictive substance. It might not have a significant effect on your body weight if taken in moderation, as explained later. But a proportion of drinkers are either habitual or binge drinkers.
When you add alcohol to your diet in addition to your normal foods, it gives you a lot of surplus calories on daily basis. These calories then lead to weight gain (13).
2. It increases appetite
Another important reason why alcohol leads to weight gain is its ability to increase appetite.
Researchers at the University of Liverpool studied this effect of alcohol.
Volunteers were given 3 meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Plus, 30 minutes before lunch, they were given varying strengths of alcoholic beverage to drink.
The researchers found that those who consumed drinks of higher alcohol strength ate significantly more than the others. Not only that, but they also chose to eat more fatty and salty foods (14).
In a similar study conducted at the University of Dundee, scientists looked at the appetite stimulating effects of alcohol.
Volunteers were given a standard breakfast. They were given different types of drinks, either alcoholic or non-alcoholic, 30 minutes before a buffet style lunch.
Researchers found that individuals who drank the alcoholic drinks consumed, on average, 30% more calories at lunch (15).
Researchers are still unsure about why alcohol stimulates appetite. But one plausible explanation seems to be its effects on hunger hormones.
Leptin is one of the major regulators of appetite and serves to decrease hunger. Results of a Swedish study found that the level of leptin decreases by almost 50% after alcohol consumption (16).
3. It triggers impulsive snacking
Drinking alcohol also seems to trigger impulsive eating behaviours (20). These behaviours include snacking and binge eating.
Research conducted at the University of Liverpool, studied snacking behaviour among drinkers.
Researchers found that urges to snack were significantly higher among drinkers. Moreover, snacking also increased after drinking sessions (17). Not only that, but people seem to make more unhealthy snack choices when they are out drinking rather than at home (18).
Additionally, there is a significant link between drinking and binge eating. In research conducted at the Dalhousie University, Canada, researchers studied eating patterns among female habitual drinkers.
They identified 71% of the drinkers as binge eaters too (19).
4. It alters fat distribution in the body
As mentioned before, alcohol decreases fat breakdown and can actually stimulate its synthesis and deposition.
Alcohol consumption can increase body fat percentage (21-22).
Drinking increases the amount of subcutaneous fat, both in men and women. This fat specifically deposits in the abdominal area of the body.
Too much of this abdominal fat in males is thought to cause ‘beer-belly’, though this common belief is not largely supported by scientific evidence (26-27).
Alcohol also seems to increase breast size in females and males. That is mainly because of its ability to increase levels of the feminizing hormone ‘oestrogen’. Levels of oestrogen can increase by 20% after consuming a single alcoholic drink (23-24).
Having bigger boobs is not something that all women want and can be even more of a problem for men. Alcohol consumption can increase the chances of gynaecomastia or man-boobs (25).
Some Important Variables to Consider
There is a lot more to the correlation between alcohol consumption and increase in body weight. Following are some variables to consider.
1. Heavy Drinking vs. Mild to Moderate Drinking
One thing is very important to mention here. Not all drinking patterns result in weight gain.
The weight increasing effects of alcohol mentioned so far in this article are mostly seen with heavy drinking (more than 30 g alcohol/day - there are 14.5 grams (1.8 units) of alcohol in a small glass of red wine). Please see Alcohol Guidelines for more info on safer alcohol consumption.
Mild to moderate drinking seems to be rather protective against weight gain, compared to heavy drinking. The reason why mild to moderate drinking may help promote weight loss is due to increased thermogenesis.
Thermogenesis is the natural heat generating process of your body. Like fire needs fuel to burn, your body needs fuel to generate heat. That fuel comes from the calories your body burns.
Research shows that among all other food sources, mild to moderate alcohol consumption stimulates the maximum amount of thermogenesis (28-29).
2. Gender Difference - Males vs. Females
Although alcohol consumption can lead to weight gain both in males and females, males seem to be more prone to this effect of alcohol. This effect is perhaps because males are more habitual drinkers compared to females. Also, males tend to drink more on average compared to females (11).
3. Age Difference
Studies conducted on both adolescent and adult populations show that habitual heavy drinking leads to weight gain, irrespective of age (11).
4. Type of Alcohol and Weight Gain
This is an interesting aspect of alcohol consumption and its relation to body weight.
Surprisingly, it could be that not all types of alcohol have the same effect on weight.
Here are some commonly consumed alcoholic beverages and their effects on body weight.
Type of Alcohol Effect on Body Weight
Beer (30) | Increase in body weight |
Spirit, vodka, rum and whisky (11) | Increase in body weight |
Red wine (31-32) | Possible weight benefit |
The reason red wine might help to decrease body fat and body weight is due to a chemical in it called resveratrol. Resveratrol was shown to increase the amount of brown fat (burns more calories than white fat) and therefore decrease the amount of white fat (doesn't burn many calories) in preliminary experiments.
We await further relevant research in this area before drawing generally applicable conclusions, but it looks likely that red wine, in moderation, could be better for your waistline than lager or vodka.
Still, consuming too much red wine gives you extra calories too - that may cancel out any positive effects (31-32). So, again, the message is still moderation.
Alcohol Consumption and Weight Gain - FAQs
Can I drink alcohol and still lose weight?
Yes, you can. The key here is moderation. Here is what you should aim for (33):
- Drink not more than 2 drinks per day if you are a male.
- Drink not more than 1 drink per day if you are a female.
What is the best sort of alcohol to drink if you are on a diet?
Go for red wine. Red wine has resveratrol in it, which, at the very least, is not likely to be as fattening as other alcohol.
Will beer give me ‘beer-belly’?
The answer is both ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. If you consume too much of it, you are bound to gain fat and weight due to the extra calories you are feeding your system. But, if you are moderate in your intake, there is no proof about this common belief.
Is there a place for alcohol in my weight loss plan?
You can drink alcoholic beverages, as long as you are not crossing the line. See here for current UK guidelines
Will alcohol increase my bust size?
Yes, it will. It does so by increasing oestrogen in your body. It can even cause gynaecomastia (man-boobs) in males.
How Does Alcohol Affect Your Own Weight?
Even if you don't want to keep a perfect record of what you eat and drink - take a few days to log how many calories in what you're drinking, it could be real eye opener
References
- Calories in alcohol
- Ethanol Alters Energy Metabolism in the Liver
- Alcohol Metabolism
- Alcohol and lipid metabolism
- Alcohol Consumption and Obesity: An Update
- Alcohol Consumption and Body Weight
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- Alcohol Consumption, Weight Gain, and Risk of Becoming Overweight in Middle-aged and Older Women
- Alcohol intake and 8-year weight gain in women: a prospective study.
- Alcohol consumption and body weight: a systematic review.
- Dietary Fiber
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- Alcohol Consumption and Body Weight
- Dose-dependent effects of alcohol on appetite and food intake.
- Stimulation of appetite by alcohol.
- Alcohol ingestion decreases both diurnal and nocturnal secretion of leptin in healthy individuals.
- The effects of a priming dose of alcohol and drinking environment on snack food intake.
- The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults – results from a cross-sectional dietary survey
- Why do women with alcohol problems binge eat? Exploring connections between binge eating and heavy drinking in women receiving treatment for alcohol problems.
- A twin study of alcohol dependence, binge eating, and compensatory behaviors.
- Moderate alcohol consumption and its relation to visceral fat and plasma androgens in healthy women.
- Some determinants of body weight, subcutaneous fat, and fat distribution in 25-64 year old Swiss urban men and woman.
- Moderate alcohol consumption and estrogen levels in postmenopausal women: a review.
- Why the British woman's cleavage has gone from 34B to 36C in a decade
- Gynecomastia
- Beer consumption and the 'beer belly': scientific basis or common belief?
- Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study.
- Diet induced thermogenesis
- Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for weight gain and obesity?
- Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity?
- Drinking 'plenty of red wine' won’t help you lose weight
- Moderate red-wine consumption partially prevents body weight gain in rats fed a hyperlipidic diet.
- 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
- Alcohol and Public Health FAQs